Last June, for example, a 20-year old Miami woman was arrested at La Paz's El Alto International Airport trying to enter the country with 500 rounds of .45 caliber ammunition while the wife of Washington's military attaché waited to greet her at the airport. The story barely made headlines in the US, mostly because Ambassador Goldberg resisted Morales’s demand for a full investigation, characterizing the event as an "innocent error.”
Then, three months ago, thousands of protesters descended upon the US embassy in La Paz, threatening to burn it to the ground. They were demanding that Washington accede to President Morales's extradition request for former President Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada and former Defense Minister Carlos Sanchez Berzain. Both leaders are wanted in Bolivia on charges of genocide and human rights violations for their role in Black October, a series of protests in October 2003 in which dozens of indigenous Bolivians were gunned down by troops, allegedly upon government orders. Sanchez de Lozada currently resides in Chevy Chase, Maryland, while Sanchez Berzain works in Miami for a former US Ambassador to Bolivia, Manual Rochas, a firebrand who in 2002 warned that Washington would cut off aid if Bolivians elected Morales or his allies.
While these developments have served to strain the US-Bolivian relationship, it was Ambassador Goldberg's perceived role in stoking ethnic conflict, regional separatism, and violent insurgency that finally sparked last night's shock announcement. For the past several months, powerful interests, mainly in the country's east, have brought the country to the precipice of civil war. The capital of the insurgency is Santa Cruz, where political and economic power remains in the hands of a white and mestizo feudal elite, historically loyal to the United States and the anti-communist dictators that occupied the Palacio Quemado for much of the Cold War.
Over the past two weeks, violence against Indians, government buildings, and national gas installations has increased significantly, much of it led by the neo-fascist Unión Juvenil Cruceñista, the youth counterpart to the Pro-Santa Cruz Civic Committee, a business-led activist group founded decades ago as an anti-communist counterweight to Bolivia’s 1950s revolutionary governments. In neighboring Tarija, the newly-formed Unión Juvenil Tarijenista is occupying the airport to prevent the government from flying in reinforcements. Meanwhile, another group of anti-government youths attacked a major gas pipeline, which is now costing La Paz an estimated $8 million a day in export revenues.
President Morales’s apparent hesitancy to meet the insurgency with serious force reflects two historic fears. First of all, his movement suffered greatly at the hands of the country’s military in the Gas War of 2003. Secondly, Morales’s supporters harbor a historic mistrust in their country’s military leaders, who in the early 1960s took power for themselves when they were called upon by the country’s revolutionary leaders to put down a rightwing rebellion from the east. Despite having vowed to remain loyal to the 1952 revolution, Bolivia’s generals reversed many of the redistributive policies set by the revolutionary regime and did not relinquish power until the 1980s. Since Morales and his supporters see themselves as the heirs to the revolution, they are reluctant to make the same mistake by turning its reins over to the country’s generals.
Not waiting for government action against the rioters, many of Morales's fervent indigenous supporters have vowed to march on Santa Cruz and Tarija, confronting the mostly mestizo youths. Meanwhile, indigenous campesinos have attacked opposition headquarters and the offices of UNITEL, the country's main television station which has fervently taken up the opposition's banner. Again, anti-US sentiment is stoked by Washington’s history of bankrolling opposition media outlets in Latin America, whether or not a US-UNITEL connection exists.
I was passing by UNITEL's offices last night when I found out that my ambassador had been expelled. Military police in riot gear were guarding the opposition television station, despite the fact that the government’s supporters had been behind the attempted arson. The taxi driver explained that a group of campesinos loyal to the government had just tried to burn down UNITEL, expressed lament that their attempt had failed, and proudly stated that his president had just declared the US ambassador to be persona non grata.
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When I posted this entry, thousands of government supporters were marching toward the lowland capitals to confront the opposition. It was neither in Santa Cruz nor in Tarija, but the Amazonian province of Pando where opposition hispanics and mestizos first clashed with the indigenous marchers on the morning of September 11, hours after I posted my entry. The resulting deaths of at least thirty Indian marchers prompted the government to finally turn toward the military as the only hope at pacifying the rebellious east. Declaring martial law, the Morales government sent in aerial commandos to retake the airport (there are no passable roads into Pando province) and pacify the province's cities one-by-one. Days later, military officials arrested Pando governor Leopoldo Fernandez on charges of genocide and crimes against humanity, releasing video clips that appeared to show local employees ambushing the Indian marchers on a bridge a few kilometers outside of the town of Porvenir. Since the then, the four remaining opposition governors rejoined talks with the central government, and the country has entered a period of tense calm.
Meanwhile, I have recommenced work on my PhD thesis on the country’s 1964 coup d'etat, which succeeded precisely because the Indians were not willing defend that revolution with their lives, believing its radicalism had been gutted by US influence, especially during Kennedy’s Alliance for Progress. So far, it appears that the current revolution – perhaps due to its opposition to Washington’s alleged subversion – maintains the support of those who are willing to die to defend it.
Hello Thomas,
It is pleasant to read a valient report, reason prevailed.
It is interesting to note today 22nd November how UNSASUR findings on the Masacre of Pando are reported by the Bolivian press. SAD to verify how the press is sold to the extremes, only a single paper reflects the findings. On the other paper are more concerned on Bush call for free trade and miss something as a picture, in others on the side lines only. I am glad they enter Larsen's ranch and of course he is off.
Something for your thesis: "ja haine de l'occident" by Jea Ziegler, a professor at the University of Geneva, edtions albin Michel, 2008. It will give you food for thought for your thesis!
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